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Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the outcome of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.[1] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, frequently from a unlike writing system.
This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European viii-flake encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-eight and UTF-16).
Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different upshot that is not to exist dislocated with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the issue of correct error handling by the software.
Etymology [edit]
Mojibake means "graphic symbol transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".
Causes [edit]
To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded information and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of not-compliance between these, information technology can be accomplished by manipulating the data itself, or just relabeling it.
Mojibake is frequently seen with text information that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; information technology may not even be tagged at all, merely moved between computers with different default encodings. A major source of trouble are advice protocols that rely on settings on each figurer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.
The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating organisation families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for dissimilar writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,[2] Microsoft Windows more often than not uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-scrap code pages for text files in dissimilar languages.[ dubious ]
For some writing systems, an instance being Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. As a Japanese example, the discussion mojibake "文字化け" stored equally EUC-JP might exist incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-8 is displayed equally "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears equally "æ–‡å—化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Mainland China) locale.
| Original text | 文 | 字 | 化 | け | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding | CA | B8 | BB | FA | B2 | BD | A4 | B1 |
| Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding | ﾊ | ｸ | ｻ | 郾 | ｽ | ､ | ｱ | |
| Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-1 encoding | Ê | ¸ | » | ú | ² | ½ | ¤ | ± |
| Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding | 矢 | 机 | 步 | け | ||||
Underspecification [edit]
If the encoding is non specified, information technology is up to the software to decide it by other ways. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-then-uncommon scenarios.
The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's linguistic communication, brand of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically incorrect for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the aforementioned organisation. For Unicode, 1 solution is to use a byte society mark, merely for source code and other car readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file system. File systems that back up extended file attributes tin store this as user.charset.[3] This also requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, but does not disturb other software.
While a few encodings are easy to discover, in item UTF-8, there are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and some other in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document'southward meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to transport the proper HTTP headers; see graphic symbol encodings in HTML.
Mis-specification [edit]
Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens betwixt encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora electronic mail client for Windows was known to send emails labelled equally ISO-8859-one that were in reality Windows-1252.[iv] The Mac OS version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the nearly often seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running under other operating systems such as Unix.
Human ignorance [edit]
Of the encodings still in apply, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for human ignorance:
- Compatibility can exist a deceptive property, as the common subset of characters is unaffected past a mixup of ii encodings (meet Problems in different writing systems).
- People think they are using ASCII, and tend to characterization whatever superset of ASCII they actually use equally "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but fifty-fifty in bookish literature, the give-and-take "ASCII" can be institute used every bit an instance of something not uniform with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-eight.[i] Note that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.
Overspecification [edit]
When at that place are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least certain information may exist misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may exist communicated to the client in any number of iii ways:
- in the HTTP header. This data can exist based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled past the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
- in the file, equally an HTML meta tag (
http-equivorcharset) or theencodingaspect of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the particular file in. - in the file, equally a byte lodge mark. This is the encoding that the author's editor actually saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in 1 encoding and saving it in another), this will be correct. It is, however, only available in Unicode encodings such every bit UTF-viii or UTF-16.
Lack of hardware or software support [edit]
Much older hardware is typically designed to support simply one character set and the character prepare typically cannot be contradistinct. The graphic symbol tabular array independent inside the display firmware will be localized to have characters for the land the device is to exist sold in, and typically the table differs from land to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Likewise, many early on operating systems do not back up multiple encoding formats and thus will end up displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Bone for instance, are localized on a per-country ground and will only support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version volition be sold in, and will brandish mojibake if a file containing a text in a unlike encoding format from the version that the Bone is designed to back up is opened.
Resolutions [edit]
Applications using UTF-8 every bit a default encoding may achieve a greater caste of interoperability considering of its widespread use and backward compatibility with U.s.-ASCII. UTF-8 besides has the ability to be directly recognised past a uncomplicated algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upward with other encodings.
The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application within which information technology occurs and the causes of it. Two of the nigh common applications in which mojibake may occur are spider web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and word processors ofttimes back up a broad array of character encodings. Browsers oft allow a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while word processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may take some trial and error for users to observe the correct encoding.
The problem gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that commonly does not back up a wide range of graphic symbol encoding, such equally in a non-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must change the operating organisation's encoding settings to friction match that of the game. However, irresolute the system-wide encoding settings can also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or afterward, a user besides has the option to employ Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-awarding locale settings. Even so, changing the operating system encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such every bit Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would take to use third party font rendering applications.
Problems in different writing systems [edit]
English [edit]
Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), just rarely in character text, since most encodings concur with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" volition appear as "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-viii simply interpreted by the recipient equally CP1252 or ISO 8859-i. If iterated using CP1252, this can atomic number 82 to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.
Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch besides for English text. Commodore make 8-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, peculiarly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, only flipped the instance of all messages. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not lucifer ASCII at all.
Other Western European languages [edit]
The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German language, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The boosted characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:
- å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
- à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
- æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
- á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
- ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
- á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faeroese
- á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
- à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
- à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
- á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
- à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
- á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish gaelic
- à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
- £ in British English
… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicative.
These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (also known as Latin 1 or Western) has been in use. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by ii competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise any confusion of these three graphic symbol sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, information technology is always prophylactic to translate ISO-8859-one as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to interpret information technology as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). All the same, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, eastward.g. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-viii's incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-8 has the ability to be directly recognised by a unproblematic algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings, so this was most common when many had software not supporting UTF-eight. Most of these languages were supported past MS-DOS default CP437 and other auto default encodings, except ASCII, then problems when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible however.
In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.g. the 2d letter in "kärlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, fifty-fifty though the reader has to gauge betwixt å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other paw, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("hymeneals night") which tin can sometimes render text very difficult to read (eastward.g. hääyö appears every bit "hääyö"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and viii mayhap confounding characters, respectively, which thus tin make it more hard to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become most entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".
In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter of the alphabet salad") is a common term for this miracle, and in Castilian, deformación (literally deformation).
Some users transliterate their writing when using a estimator, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German language when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with primitive Danish, and may be used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an example, the Norwegian football thespian Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.
An antiquity of UTF-eight misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1, "Ring meg nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.[five]
| Swedish example: | Smörgås (open sandwich) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Consequence |
| MS-DOS 437 | ISO 8859-1 | Sm"rg†due south |
| ISO 8859-1 | Mac Roman | SmˆrgÂs |
| UTF-8 | ISO 8859-1 | Smörgås |
| UTF-8 | Mac Roman | Smörgås |
Central and Eastern European [edit]
Users of Central and Eastern European languages tin can likewise be affected. Because nearly computers were not connected to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, in that location were different grapheme encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), oft also varying by operating system.
Hungarian [edit]
Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all nowadays in the Latin-i character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-ane. These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in e-mail clients, eastward-mails containing Hungarian text oftentimes had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the indicate of unrecognizability. Information technology is common to respond to an east-mail rendered unreadable (run across examples below) by character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", pregnant "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling auto") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.
Examples [edit]
| Source encoding | Target encoding | Consequence | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian case | ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép | Characters in ruddy are incorrect and do not lucifer the top-left example. | |
| CP 852 | CP 437 | ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép | This was very mutual in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Cardinal European CP 852 encoding; yet, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Delight note that pocket-sized-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made compatible with German. Present occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques. |
| CWI-ii | CP 437 | ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép | The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains adequately well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, simply present it is completely deprecated. |
| Windows-1250 | Windows-1252 | ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép | The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European ane. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, merely the text is completely readable. This is the virtually mutual error nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs frequently on webpages or even in printed media. |
| CP 852 | Windows-1250 | µRVÖZTëRŠ TšK™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t g"rfŁr˘grand‚p | Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is right. |
| Windows-1250 | CP 852 | ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp | Key European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The utilize of ű is correct. |
| Quoted-printable | 7-bit ASCII | =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p | Mainly caused by wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS messages on some cell-phones besides. |
| UTF-8 | Windows-1252 | ÃRVÃZTÅ°RÅ TÃœOne thousandÖRFÚRÃ"GÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúrógép | Mainly acquired by wrongly configured spider web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (equally the problem remains curtained for English texts). In this example the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-8; yet, it is non configured in the HTML headers, and so the rendering engine displays information technology with the default Western encoding. |
Polish [edit]
Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-ii in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own grapheme encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Gild on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their ain mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.
The situation began to improve when, after pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-two succeeded every bit the "Internet standard" with express support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced past Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smoothen diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "little shrubs").
Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]
Mojibake may be colloquially chosen krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[6] The Soviet Matrimony and early Russian Federation adult KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Lawmaking for Data Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-just 7-chip KOI7, based on ASCII merely with Latin and another characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with high-bit fix octets corresponding to seven-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable subsequently stripping the 8th bit, which was considered as a major reward in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 so passed through the high scrap stripping process, end up rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Somewhen KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and fifty-fifty Tajik (KOI8-T).
Meanwhile, in the West, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belorussian too as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added back up for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.
Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.
Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding organization. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view not-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists about entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists by and large of upper-case letter messages (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In full general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the incorrect Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, ane can still run into HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well as Unicode. (An estimated 1.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[seven]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given web folio in its source,[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.
In Bulgarian, mojibake is ofttimes called majmunica ( маймуница ), significant "monkey'southward [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Dissimilar the quondam USSR, Southward Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.
| Russian example: | Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Outcome |
| MS-DOS 855 | ISO 8859-ane | Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ |
| KOI8-R | ISO 8859-1 | ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ |
| UTF-8 | KOI8-R | п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀ |
Yugoslav languages [edit]
Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the seceding varieties of Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their upper-case letter counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (only č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in foreign names, as well). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while merely some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual Os-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.
Although Mojibake tin occur with any of these characters, the letters that are non included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, even present, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.
When bars to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is commonly done manually if required.
The Windows-1252 encoding is important considering the English versions of the Windows operating organisation are near widespread, non localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively pocket-size and fragmented market, increasing the cost of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in plow caused by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.[ citation needed ]
The drive to differentiate Croation from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now fifty-fifty Montenegrin from the other 3 creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. At that place are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the terminate, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "estimator", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not sympathize what some option in a carte du jour is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who empathize English, also as those who are accepted to English terminology (who are about, because English language terminology is also mostly taught in schools considering of these bug) regularly choose the original English language versions of not-specialist software.
When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.
Newer versions of English Windows allow the code folio to be changed (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting can be and often was incorrectly set. For case, Windows 98 and Windows Me tin can be set up to most not-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.
Caucasian languages [edit]
The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a fix of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is non widely used because of a lack of support in the computer manufacture. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support information technology.
Asian encodings [edit]
Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as ane of the encodings for Eastward Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than 1 (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, eastward.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is specially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two messages are combined, the mojibake also seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal iii, non counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an unabridged text string which happens to include a pattern of particular discussion lengths, such as the judgement "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.
Vietnamese [edit]
In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer try to encode diacritic grapheme divers in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using inexpensive mobile phone.
| Instance: | Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du) | |
|---|---|---|
| Original encoding | Target encoding | Result |
| Windows-1258 | UTF-eight | Trăthousand năm trong cõi ngÆ°á»i ta |
| TCVN3 | UTF-8 | Tr¨yard due north¨m trong câi ngêi ta |
| VNI (Windows) | UTF-8 | Traêg naêg trong coõi ngöôøi ta |
Japanese [edit]
In Japanese, the same phenomenon is, every bit mentioned, chosen mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a item problem in Nippon due to the numerous unlike encodings that be for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-eight and UTF-16, in that location are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, every bit well as beingness encountered past Japanese users, is also ofttimes encountered past non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese marketplace.
Chinese [edit]
In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , meaning 'chaotic code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is oft possible to fix the outcome past switching the character encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the nearly common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward uniform versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.
It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:
| Original encoding | Viewed as | Result | Original text | Notation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big5 | GB | ?T瓣в变巨肚 | 三國志曹操傳 | Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The blood-red grapheme is not a valid codepoint in GB2312. |
| Shift-JIS | GB | 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 | 文字化けテスト | Kana is displayed every bit characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical employ in modernistic Chinese. |
| EUC-KR | GB | 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 | 디제이맥스 테크니카 | Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in nearly cases brand no sense. Hands identifiable because of spaces between every several characters. |
An additional problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are nevertheless used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'southward "喆" missing in Big5, ex-Red china Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[9]
Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various means, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or only substituting a homophone for the rare graphic symbol in the hope that the reader would be able to brand the right inference.
Indic text [edit]
A similar consequence can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the grapheme prepare employed is properly recognized by the application. This is considering, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter of the alphabet symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood past a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the individual alphabetic character forms are available.
One example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the graphic symbol analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" grapheme followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated by a computer not configured to display Indic text.[ten] The logo as redesigned equally of May 2010[ref] has fixed these errors.
The idea of Plain Text requires the operating arrangement to provide a font to brandish Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to Os for Singhala and information technology makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the curt course for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on tiptop of a plain letter of the alphabet. Still, it is wrong to go on top of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modernistic languages, such equally कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put it on top of these letters. By dissimilarity, for similar sounds in modern languages which issue from their specific rules, information technology is non put on top, such equally the discussion करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem class of the mutual discussion करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.[11] But it happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Os and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark 50) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.[ citation needed ]
Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported past Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] However, various sites take fabricated free-to-download fonts.
Burmese [edit]
Due to Western sanctions[13] and the late arrival of Burmese linguistic communication back up in computers,[14] [fifteen] much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese back up is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font just was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, but others were not.[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as ad hoc font encodings.[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei but replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.[14]
Due to these advertising hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To become around this result, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[18] Myanmar regime has designated 1 October 2019 equally "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.[13] The full transition is estimated to have 2 years.[19]
African languages [edit]
In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali linguistic communication, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic republic of the congo, only these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to West Africa present similar problems, such every bit the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.
Arabic [edit]
Another affected linguistic communication is Arabic (meet beneath). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings exercise not lucifer.
Examples [edit]
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Standard arabic example: |  (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) | |
| Browser rendering: | الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان | |
| UTF-8 | Windows-1252 | الإعلان العالمى Ù„Øقوق الإنسان |
| KOI8-R | О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├ | |
| ISO 8859-v | яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй� | |
| CP 866 | я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж | |
| ISO 8859-half-dozen | ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع� | |
| ISO 8859-2 | اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ� | |
| Windows-1256 | Windows-1252 | ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä |
The examples in this article exercise not have UTF-8 as browser setting, because UTF-8 is hands recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-viii it should recognise information technology automatically, and non try to interpret something else as UTF-8.
See also [edit]
- Code point
- Replacement character
- Substitute grapheme
- Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is little), software that must preserve or display the difference (e.g. version control systems and information comparing tools) can get substantially more hard to use if not adhering to i convention.
- Byte order mark – The most in-band way to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is past intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by design exist perceived equally "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
- HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, but required for sure characters to escape interpretation as markup.
While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark
"becomes",","and then on. - Bush hid the facts
References [edit]
- ^ a b King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode shortly be the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): sixty. doi:ten.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
- ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curl -5 linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved five October 2018.
- ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
- ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
- ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
- ^ p. 141, Command + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Earth Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-8.
- ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
- ^ "Declaring graphic symbol encodings in HTML".
- ^ "Cathay GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map betwixt Code page 936 and Unicode. Demand manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
- ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
- ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital world". The Nihon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Oct. ane is "U-Solar day", when Myanmar officially volition adopt the new system.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
- ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Boxing of the fonts". Borderland Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, complex scripts were supported, which made information technology possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, Bit, and after Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering trouble by adding actress code points that were reserved for Myanmar'south ethnic languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent future ethnic language support, it as well results in a typing system that can be disruptive and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two near pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated just past capturing the largest market share, which means they support Zawgyi out of the box.
- ^ a b Sin, Thant (vii September 2019). "Unified nether one font organization as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Ascension Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed dissimilar the individual and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode volition amend tongue processing
- ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Lawmaking: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Ofttimes Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
"UTF-eight" technically does not apply to advertizement hoc font encodings such every bit Zawgyi.
- ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
It makes advice on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In social club to improve attain their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single mail, non to mention English or other languages.
- ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 Nov 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app programmer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
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